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Western European LGM humans confined to glacial refugia by climate and ecology. Agent-based model simulates mobility and survival based on habitat suitability. Large refugium spans southern France and northeastern Spain. Higher population growth in central refugium causes continuous out-migration. Out-migration homogenizes genetics across Western Europe. Italian peninsula shows possible genetic exception. Results match archaeological material culture data. Model tracks regionally specific geneti...

Neanderthals accumulated 40% higher deleterious mutation load than humans due to population bottleneck. Non-Africans inherited Neanderthal weakly deleterious alleles reducing fitness by at least 0.5%. Africans have lower mutation load without Neanderthal admixture. Neanderthal DNA depleted near genes by selection against deleterious load, not epistasis. Initial Neanderthal admixture up to 10% purged mostly in first 20 generations if additive effects. Recessive mutations cause positive selection ...

Non-Africans carry 2-4% Neanderthal DNA. Neanderthal DNA depletes near functional genes due to Neanderthals' 40% lower fitness. Lower Neanderthal fitness explains depletion without needing harmful epistasis. Non-Africans suffer residual Neanderthal mutational load cutting fitness by at least 0.5%. This Neanderthal load was ignored in African-non-African mutation load debates. Africans lack Neanderthal admixture and thus avoid this fitness cost. Recessive deleterious mutations allow Neanderthal h...

356 ancient hunter-gatherer genomes reveal three pre-LGM clusters: pre-40ka, Věstonice, and new Fournol. Fournol cluster in western Gravettian matches Aurignacian Goyet Q116-1 ancestry. Věstonice cluster in central-southern Gravettian mixes Sunghir and Goyet-related lineages. Goyet Gravettian intermediate between Fournol and Věstonice. Solutrean individuals genetically continuous with Fournol through LGM. Southern Europe shows genetic turnover as Epigravettian Villabruna replaces Věstonice Grave...

Grotta Paglicci contains 146 human bone remains including Gravettian burials Pa12 and Pa25. Pa12 is 12-13-year-old Cro-Magnon male, longilineo, 157-165cm tall for age, supine under red ochre with deer teeth cap. Pa25 is woman under 25 years, Cro-Magnon, robust skeleton taller than modern Europeans, supine in pit with hands on pubis under ochre and white layer. Pa25 diadem has seven forward-perforated deer teeth on coronal suture. Pa25 position suggests death in childbirth with space for missing ...

Cave yielded 42 inhumations from Paleolithic to Neolithic. Prince burial dated 26,300 BC features 15-year-old killed by bear, buried on red ochre with shell headdress, mammoth pendants, decorated batons, flint blade. Early tombs show dolichocephalic skulls, left-side fetal positions, sparse adult grave goods like bone points, greenstone axes, pierced shells. Epigravettian necropolis has 12 primary burials with supine positions, grave goods, intentional post-burial manipulation of ancestors' bone...

Italian Upper Paleolithic sites show art identical to Franco-Cantabrian caves. Great Auk depicted in Puglia caves matches Spanish and French parietal art. Paglicci horse paintings stylistically equal Lascaux horses. Hand stencils in Paglicci mostly small female hands per Snow's study. Romito uro graffito exploits rock shapes like European caves. Addaura Sicily depicts unique narrative shamanic or sacrifice scene. Levanzo anthropomorphs emerge from earth with beak masks. Fumane Veneto aurignacian...

Population displayed Europeanoid anthropological features. Y-DNA haplogroup R1a1 found in fossils links to Indo-Slavic origins. Culture spanned Urals to Yenisei and south to Pamir. Lived in fortified rectangular settlements with 10-20 large semi-subterranean houses per clan. Each house held 30-50 family members owning all land and pastures. Primary economy was horse and cattle herding limited by pastures. Relocated every 20-25 years due to overgrazing. Shifted to nomadic lifestyle around 1500-10...

Database catalogs geometric signs from 146 French Ice Age caves. 70% of sign types appear by early Aurignacian. Signs repeat consistently over 20,000 years across France. Limited 26 sign types used intentionally, not randomly. No sign appears at every site, showing conscious choices. Signs associate with animal figures, not standalone symbolism. Geometric signs outnumber figurative art 2:1 or more. Early usage pushes symbolic behavior origins before European creative explosion and possibly pre-A...

Operator hit with almost 250 million PLN ETS fine. Będzin CHP faces collapse due to penalties. Residents risk heat and power suspension. Fines stem from EU emissions trading violations. Local energy supply hangs in balance.