Population displayed Europeanoid anthropological features. Y-DNA haplogroup R1a1 found in fossils links to Indo-Slavic origins. Culture spanned Urals to Yenisei and south to Pamir. Lived in fortified rectangular settlements with 10-20 large semi-subterranean houses per clan. Each house held 30-50 family members owning all land and pastures. Primary economy was horse and cattle herding limited by pastures. Relocated every 20-25 years due to overgrazing. Shifted to nomadic lifestyle around 1500-1000 BCE with unfortified camps. Practiced hunting gathering fishing and bronze metallurgy. Bronze weapons tools unified across distant Ural Altai Kazakhstan regions. Supplied bronze to Volga via trade routes. Pottery featured geometric zigzags triangles meanders. Evolved into subtypes like Sintashta Arkaim Alakul Fedorovo. Burials mostly crouched skeletons in stone-lined pits some cremations with barrows. Evidence of ancestor worship and solar cult with wheel-cross symbols. Western areas had kurgans eastern lacked them.