Fossils from Yunnan and Guangxi provinces date 14,500 to 11,500 years ago. Skulls show flat faces, broad noses, jutting jaws without chins, prominent brow ridges, thick bones, large molars. Brains moderate in size. Features form mosaic of primitive traits from ancestors hundreds of thousands of years old. Anatomically unique among all human evolutionary tree members. Represent potential new evolutionary line isolated from nearby modern humans. Limited or no interbreeding prevented absorption into modern lineage. Hunted extinct giant deer using stone and antler tools. Critics call them robust modern humans akin to Melanesians. No DNA extracted yet despite attempts. Persistence challenges assumption all archaics extinct before modern humans dominated East Asia.