Cro-Magnons lived 40,000-10,000 years ago in Europe. Skeletons found 1868 in French cave dated 10,000-35,000 years old. Emerged possibly 45,000 years ago. Robustly built, powerful, 166-171cm tall with strong musculature. Straight forehead, slight browridges, short wide face, prominent chin first in Homo. Brain capacity 1,600cc exceeds modern average. Taller than other early human species. Produced sophisticated tools like burins, bone tools, scrapers. Associated with Aurignacian and Gravettian cultures. Lived in caves, rock shelters, primitive huts year-round as settled people. Buried their dead like Neanderthals. Created cave art, engravings, fertility statuettes of pregnant women. Painted animals in Lascaux, Altamira caves for ritual. Art shows high skill from prior experimentation. Decorated tools for aesthetic purposes. Gradually absorbed into later European populations.