Cro-Magnons and Neanderthals cohabited Europe 45,000-30,000 years ago without interbreeding. Italian team sequenced 28,000-year-old Cro-Magnon mtDNA finding zero Neanderthal DNA. Study rules out contamination by sequencing all handlers' DNA. Results support Out of Africa extinction of Neanderthals by invading modern humans. Modern humans drove Neanderthals extinct via warfare, disease, or cognitive edge. Evidence rejects multiregional hypothesis of Neanderthal absorption into human gene pool. Neanderthals vanish from fossils around 30,000 years ago. Barbujani's team confirms 2003 findings with cleaner methods. No genetic legacy from Neanderthals in analyzed Cro-Magnon samples.