Four Azerbaijan Middle Palaeolithic sites dated 80,000–40,000 years ago yielded 85 obsidian artifacts. Artifacts sourced from 10 primary obsidian locales via XRF analysis. Majority procured 20–160km from sites. Two sources 350–400km distant occasionally exploited. Zar Grotto used only nearby Kechaldag and Syunik sources 20–40km away. Other sites drew from multiple distant sources across South Caucasus. Networks extended to eastern Anatolia. Highly mobile Neanderthal big game hunters traveled long distances. Interaction sphere covered entire South Caucasus region. Evidence proves Neanderthal-managed obsidian exchange before modern humans.