Ernst Ruska born 1906 Heidelberg Germany. Educated Technical University Munich and Berlin. Posited electron microscopes surpass light microscopes due to shorter wavelengths. Demonstrated magnetic coil as electron lens 1931. Constructed first transmission electron microscope 1933 with Max Knoll. Earned PhD 1933. Developed commercial electron microscope at Siemens 1939. Brother Helmut applied electron microscopy to medicine. Directed Fritz Haber Institute electron microscopy until 1974. Professor Technische Universität Berlin until 1974. Won Lasker Award 1960. Shared Nobel Physics 1986 for electron optics. Died 1988 West Berlin.