Kapitsa created ultrastrong magnetic fields in 1920s. He found linear resistivity-magnetic field relation in metals. Soviets trapped him in USSR after 1934 Cambridge visit. Kapitsa invented adiabatic apparatus for liquid helium production. He led Institute for Physical Problems. Kapitsa developed low-pressure air liquefaction for WWII oxygen industry. He invented high-power microwave generators and million-K plasma discharge. Kapitsa defied Beria on atomic bomb project, backed by Stalin. He cofounded Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology. Kapitsa won 1978 Nobel for low-temperature inventions. His family had Bessarabian Romanian and Polish roots, spoke Romanian. Sons became physicist-demographer and geographer discovering Lake Vostok. Kapitsa saved scientists Fock and Landau from Stalin purges.