20.9% of Germany's population are first-generation immigrants. 30.2% have migrant background. Immigration shifted from Europeans to Turks, Syrians, Iraqis, Africans, Asians. Over 1 million arrived annually since 2012, peaking at 2 million in 2015 and 2022. Guest workers from Turkey, Italy, others stayed permanently despite temporary visas. 4.5 million ethnic Germans repatriated from East since 1990. 1.1 million refugees entered in 2015, mostly Syrians via Balkan route. Refugees overrepresented in unemployment despite employment gains. Non-Germans overrepresented among criminal suspects. Foreigners twice as likely to have crimes reported. Non-Germans comprise one-fifth of organized crime investigations. 2015 New Year's Eve sexual assaults involved many asylum seekers. Muslim population rose from 4.1% to 6.1% by 2016 via immigration. Policies liberalized for skilled non-EU workers from Kenya, India, Africa. Chancellor Scholz backs 288,000 annual foreign workers for population replacement. Top foreigners: Turks 1.5M, Ukrainians 1.2M, Syrians 924K. Reforms eased Blue Cards, chance cards, dual citizenship, naturalization to 5 years. Germany has highest foreign-born share in EU at 19.5%.