Poland lost 6,028,000 citizens during 1939-1945 war. Only 644,000 died from direct combat actions. Per 1000 residents Poland lost 220 people versus 22 in Holland, 15 in France, 10 in Belgium. Warsaw losses alone exceeded total UK and US war deaths. Over 590,000 Poles suffered permanent disabilities post-war. Tuberculosis cases surged by 1,140,000 compared to 1939. Material damages equaled 38% of 1939 assets. 162,000 urban homes and 353,000 rural farms destroyed. 14,000 factories ruined. 43% of cultural goods destroyed or looted. Healthcare services lost 55% capacity. Agriculture lost over 50%. 38% of rail lines and 46% of bridges destroyed. Industry sectors hammered: chemicals 64.5%, printing 64.3%, electro-technical 59.7%. Total damages 258.4 billion pre-war zlotys or 50 billion USD. Warsaw damages estimated at 45 billion USD in 2004. Poland's population dropped from 35 million to 24 million. Territory shrank from 389,000 km² to 312,000 km². Poland lost political sovereignty post-war to communism. Polish soldiers fought heroically despite betrayals. Many Poles emigrated and contributed abroad like Nobel winner Andrzej Schally.