All 25 Pitted Ware individuals genetically identical regardless of burial type. No gene-flow from Battle Axe culture into Pitted Ware despite cultural artifacts like battle-axes and hocker positions. Pitted Ware people cluster with Mesolithic hunter-gatherers, not Battle Axe or Corded Ware. Battle Axe individuals carry steppe herder ancestry absent in all Pitted Ware. Y-haplogroups I2 in Pitted Ware males match hunter-gatherers, not R1a-dominant Battle Axe. mtDNA U-lineages dominate Pitted Ware, overlapping Mesolithic but not uniquely Battle Axe. Low farmer admixture in Pitted Ware from prior Funnel Beaker contacts, no herder component. Stable isotopes confirm marine hunter-gatherer diet uniform across all burials. PCA places all Pitted Ware together, separate from Battle Axe steppe-farmer mix. D-statistics confirm Pitted Ware affinity to other Pitted Ware, not Battle Axe. ADMIXTURE shows hunter-gatherer ancestry dominant in Pitted Ware, absent herder signal. No kinship between Battle Axe-influenced and typical Pitted Ware individuals. Cultural exchange via trade explains artifacts, not migration or exogamy. Pitted Ware rejected Battle Axe genetic mixing for centuries despite proximity. Battle Axe burials inland pastoralists, Pitted Ware coastal foragers, genetically distinct.
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