Coarse red, yellow, gray pottery share identical local clay source. Fine red and black pottery use separate clay sources. Red slip pigment from hematite. Black paint from manganese ore or carbon black. Gray coarse pottery uses carburizing and polishing. Black fine pottery fired in reducing kilns. Tianshanbeilu and Yaer sites exchanged some pottery or shared clay. Each Hami site had own production. No pottery exchange with Hexi Xichengyi site. Pottery styles match Hexi via migration and tech transfer. Genetics link Tianshanbeilu to Hexi Machang and Siberia. Crops and metallurgy also migrated from Hexi. Double-ear jars adapted locally from Hexi prototypes. No Neolithic sites in Hami before Tianshanbeilu. Immigration founded Tianshanbeilu culture.