Haplogroup R absent in sub-Saharan Africa. Haplogroup R spread from Southeast Asian coast to Eurasia and Australasia. Originated 50,000-70,000 years ago during Southern Dispersal out of East Africa. Highest diversity in South Asian tribes and castes signals autochthonous origins. Ust-Ishim Siberian man 45,000 years old carries basal R*. Found in ancient Egyptian mummies from New Kingdom to Roman era. R2 present in Neolithic western Iran. Basal R* in Soqotri, Northeast Africa, Middle East at low frequencies. R0a common in Arabian Peninsula and Soqotri. HV mainly West Eurasian in Middle East and North Africa. R5 widespread in Indian subcontinent especially Madhya Pradesh. R8 highest in East India Austroasiatic tribes like Munda. R9b dominant in Southeast Asia including Malays and Indonesians. P characteristic of Sahul including Australia and Melanesia. U6 peaks in North African Berbers and Egyptian Copts. R subclades mark genetic boundaries outside Africa.