Afontova Gora 2 male carries Y-haplogroup Q1a1. Afontova Gora 2 shows greater genetic affinity to Karitiana Native Americans than Han Chinese. Afontova Gora 2 has 1.9-2.7% Neanderthal ancestry. Afontova Gora 3 female carries mtDNA haplogroup R1b. Afontova Gora 3 has 2.9-3.7% Neanderthal ancestry. Afontova Gora 3 carries earliest known blond hair allele rs12821256. Blond hair allele originated in ANE before spreading to Europe via steppe migrations. Afontova Gora 2, 3, and Mal'ta 1 form tight Mal'ta genetic cluster. Afontova Gora 3 lineage contributes more to modern humans and is closer to Native Americans than Afontova Gora 2. Tarim mummies derive 72% ancestry from Afontova Gora 3-like ANE. Tarim mummies derive 28% ancestry from Baikal Early Bronze Age. Tarim mummies are best representatives of Pleistocene ANE populations. Afontova Gora sites are mammoth hunting camps 18,000-12,000 years ago. Afontova Gora links genetically and culturally to Mal'ta-Buret' culture. Afontova Gora 3 dental morphology distinct from other Siberians including Mal'ta.