H. heidelbergensis had massive browridges, larger braincase, and flatter face than prior species. Short wide bodies adapted to cold climates. First species to control fire routinely by 790kya. Built simple wood-and-rock shelters at Terra Amata, France. First to hunt large game like horses, elephants, rhinos with wooden spears at Schöningen. Threw 30 individuals' bones into ritual pit with handaxe at Sima de los Huesos. Lived from 1.3 million to 350kya across Europe and possibly Africa. European lineage became H. neanderthalensis. African branch became H. rhodesiensis then H. sapiens. Shared common ancestor with Neanderthals and modern humans. Evidence from Mauer mandible lacks chin, heavily built. Sites span Spain, England, Italy back to 1 million years. Possible chronic infections killed some from dental disease. Oldest European fossil skulls show worn teeth, huge jaws.