Indo-Aryans originated from Sintashta-Andronovo cultures and entered northwest India c.1500 BCE. Vedic society started pastoral and tribal in Punjab, shifting to agriculture with iron tools. Aryas fought Dasas and Dasyus, described as non-sacrificing with uncouth speech. Pre-Aryan groups became lowest varna of slaves, laborers, and artisans. Early Vedic lacked strict castes but later developed Brahmin-Kshatriya-Vaishya-Shudra hierarchy. Kuru kingdom codified Vedic rituals and formed first Vedic state. Indo-Aryan migration mainstream view – indigenous origin rejected academically. Dasas possibly earlier Indo-Aryan or Iranian tribes. Battle of Ten Kings unified Bharatas and Purus into Kuru tribe. Society patriarchal, patrilineal with social mobility early on. Later Vedic fixed varna roles with Shudras serving higher groups. Horses key for Vedic leaders, imported from beyond Hindu Kush. Iron enabled forest clearing and eastward expansion to Ganges. Non-Vedic Indo-Aryan culture dominated central Ganges as Greater Magadha. Shramana movements like Buddhism challenged Vedic orthodoxy. Archaeological links: PGW, BRW, OCP, Gandhara graves with Vedic phases. Vedic texts composed orally by Indo-Aryan speakers c.1500-500 BCE. Pre-Aryan servants at social bottom in political hierarchy.