Homo erectus fossils date to 770,000 years ago at Zhoukoudian. H. erectus achieved wide distribution across northern and southern China. Early H. sapiens remains exhibit shovel-shaped incisors, broad nose, and mandibular torus linking to modern Asians. Neolithic developments began by 6th millennium BCE with millet and rice domestication native to China. Multiple regional Neolithic cultures formed mosaic including Laoguantai, Peiligang, Banpo, and Hemudu. Northern China focused on drought-resistant millet while southeast grew glutinous rice. Stone tools improved with ground edges, perforation, and symbolic jade axes in elite graves. Painted pottery emerged in northwest with spirals and zoomorphic designs. Dawenkou culture featured wheel-made pots, skull deformation, tooth extraction, and pig sacrifices. Liangzhu culture produced eggshell-thin black pottery and extravagant jade bi disks and cong tubes. Longshan culture spread eggshell black ware and eastern influences to North China Plain. Neolithic societies practiced ancestor worship, secondary burials, divination, and human sacrifice. Social differentiation increased with wealth gaps, gender roles, and lineage property by 3rd millennium BCE. China's culture developed indigenously with minimal outside influence except Buddhism later. Fossil record promises key insights into human origins via multiregional continuity in China.