Bacho Kiro Cave yielded genomes from three Homo sapiens dated 45,930–42,580 years ago, Europe's earliest. These individuals associated with Initial Upper Paleolithic tools and ornaments. They relate closer to East Asians and Native Americans than to later West Eurasians. They represent a previously unknown modern human migration into Europe. These migrants show some genetic continuity to later Eurasian populations. All three had Neanderthal ancestors just generations earlier. Early European Homo sapiens routinely interbred with Neanderthals. Bacho Kiro humans show Neanderthal DNA traces confirming admixture. Site evidences advanced stone tools, symbolic ornaments, and big-game hunting. Radiocarbon dates place them before Neanderthal disappearance around 40,000 years ago. Genetic data diverges from Romanian and Siberian contemporaries that left no descendants. Overlap with Neanderthals suggests shared spaces and exchanges in Balkans.
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