Population 672545 in 2025 at 2297 per km². 2021 census shows 96.45% Poles, 0.77% Ukrainians, 0.33% Germans. Pre-WWII 95.71% German-speaking per 1910 census. Germans expelled post-1945 per Potsdam, replaced by Poles from Kresy and central Poland. 1950 origins: 29% from USSR areas, 97% migrants, 2% autochthons. Ukrainians reached 28% by 2022 reports despite low census figure. Pre-war peak 638905 in 1940, post-war low 170000 in 1946. City third largest in Poland after Warsaw, Krakow. 2022 Ukrainian count 187000 second to Warsaw. Polish organizations active pre-WWII amid German dominance.