Hengbei ancients genetically match modern northern Han maternally and paternally. Northern Han distinct from northern minorities despite shared geography. Ancient Hengbei closest to northern Han in PCA plots. Hengbei shares most mtDNA haplotypes with northern Han. FST between Hengbei and northern Han lowest and negative. Hengbei distant from southern Han, southern minorities, northern minorities. Xiongnu and Xianbei show limited maternal impact on northern Han. Northern Han haplogroups A, B, D, F dominate like Hengbei. Southern East Asian haplogroups less common in Hengbei and northern Han. Y-haplogroup Q1a1 and O3 predominant in Hengbei and Han. Northern minorities lack high O frequencies present in Han. Ancient northern nomads contributed negligibly to northern Han genetics. Han expansion replaced northern groups with minimal admixture. Northern Han maternal profile stable for 3,000 years. Paternal lineages confirm Han origins in Central Plain pre-3,000 years ago.