Modern humans expanded worldwide 40-60 thousand years ago with final archaic contacts. African modern diversity arose 60-300 thousand years ago. Modern ancestors separated from archaics 0.3-1 million years ago. No specific time confines modern ancestry to one birthplace. Anatomical traits defining Homo sapiens fit multiple evolutionary paths. Non-Africans carry Neanderthal admixture from out-of-Africa expansion. East Asians have higher Neanderthal ancestry than Europeans. Oceanians and Asians carry Denisovan admixture from multiple sources. Africans show ghost archaic introgression distinct from Neanderthals. Khoe-San diverged earliest from other modern humans. Sub-Saharan groups retain deepest population structure. Early Homo sapiens fossils appear outside Africa over 100 thousand years ago. Multiple dispersals from Africa occurred before main expansion. Ancient African genomes reveal layered ancestries with archaic input. Neanderthal-Denisovan interbreeding predates modern human admixture. Europeans derive from three ancestral populations including steppe migrants.