Sardinians represent pre-Indo-European ancient Italians. Ogliastra inhabitants descend directly from Bronze Age Nuragic people. Sardinians show genetic continuity since Neolithic from local Paleolithic and incoming groups. Sardinians have lowest light hair and eyes of any Europeans. Sardinians cluster distinctly with more Paleolithic I-M26 and less Mesolithic-Neolithic R1b than continental Italians. Sardinian blend persisted unaffected by later Indo-European or German migrations. FST genetic distance smallest at 0.0003 between Spain and France. Highest FST 0.4260 between Amazonian Surui and Namibian Khoisan. Average global FST 0.0900. CEU equally distant from North Italians and Belarusians at FST 0.0032. Larger samples reduce FST estimates like Yoruba-Kenya from 0.0127 to 0.0077. Negative FST only in related or parent-child samples. Chuvash show strong Northern European admixture despite Turkic language. Basques assimilate into Northern European cluster without Lithuanian anchor. R1b diversity highest in Germany suggesting Western European origins.