Neandersovan ancestors interbred with super-archaics separated 2 million years ago around 700,000 years ago in Eurasia. Super-archaics likely Homo erectus from first wave out of Africa 2 million years ago. Denisovans carry 1% DNA from distant Homo erectus-like ghost, 15% introgressed into modern humans. Neanderthals carry 3% DNA from ancient humans 200,000-300,000 years ago. West Africans have 2-19% ancestry from ghost archaic split 360,000-1.02 million years ago, introgressed 0-124,000 years ago. Yoruba and Mende show high-frequency archaic segments in tumor suppressor NF1, hormone gene HSD17B2, and selection genes KCNIP4, TRPS1. Africans have 0.3% Neanderthal DNA from Eurasian back-migration, higher than prior estimates. Non-Africans share Neanderthal ancestry from single post-Out-of-Africa event, East Asians only 8% more than Europeans. Modern humans hybridized with Neanderthals bidirectionally around 200,000 years ago. Three waves into Eurasia: super-archaics 2Mya, Neandersovans 700kya, moderns 50kya. Ghost signals strongest in Khoisan and Central African pygmies. Archaic alleles in Africans aid tumor suppression and hormone regulation. Interbreeding occurred despite over 1 million years divergence, slower reproductive isolation than expected.
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