Border Cave occupation spans 250,000 years from Middle Stone Age to Iron Age. Oldest deposits date to 250,000 years BP via luminescence. Human remains from nine individuals include BC1 cranium dated 77,000-161,000 years BP. BC1 cranial vault matches anatomically modern humans. BC1 bony labyrinth shares traits with Homo erectus and modern humans but not Neanderthals. BC1 dissimilar from modern African and non-African populations. BC5 mandible dates to 74,000 years BP. BC3 infant burial includes Conus shell ornaments dated 33,570 years BP. Grass bedding constructed 227,000 years ago oldest in Africa. 48 grass bedding layers with burn marks near edges. Hypoxis rhizomes in hearths indicate plant cooking by 170,000 years BP. Land snails cooked and eaten 170,000-60,000 years BP. Howiesons Poort lithics 81,000-65,000 years BP feature backed pieces. Post-Howiesons Poort layers lack backed pieces but have triangular points. Earliest Later Stone Age transition in southern Africa at 44,000-42,000 years BP. Organic tools include notched bones, digging sticks, poison applicators 44,000-42,000 years BP. Fauna shows humans transported whole small carcasses and parts of large ones. No carnivore marks on bones confirm human accumulation.