Andamanese are short dark-skinned hunter-gatherers with peppercorn hair and broad faces. They settled Andaman Islands around 26,000 years ago during low sea levels. Population plummeted from 7,000 to 500 due to Eurasian diseases lacking immunity. Great Andamanese dwindled to 52 mixed-ancestry survivors. Jarawa number 380, Onge 101, Sentinelese 15, Jangil extinct. Genetics show tiny variation from long isolation and bottlenecks. They form basal East Asian lineage divergent from other Asians. Closest modern relatives are Malaysian Negritos like Semang. Dental morphology matches South Asian tribals then Philippine Negritos and East Asians. All Onge and Jarawa males carry Y-haplogroup D-M174 from Central Asia origin. Great Andamanese males carry K, L, O, P1 Y-haplogroups. MtDNA is entirely haplogroup M common in Asia. No Denisovan admixture unlike Southeast Asian Negritos. Jarawa lack Duffy antigens conferring malaria resistance. Diverged from Onge/Jarawa around 16,000 years ago. Not part of initial Out-of-Africa coastal migration. Haplogroup D carried in Out-of-Africa expansion but lost elsewhere except Andamans, Japan, Tibet. Show affinity to Ancient Ancestral South Indians and Australasians. Genetically closer to Tianyuan man than AASI proxy.