Kow Swamp crania show receding frontal squama, massive supraorbitals, and supraglabella fossae. These traits preserve almost unmodified eastern erectus form. Archaic complex not seen in recent Aboriginal crania. Features indicate Homo erectus survival in Australia to 10,000 years ago. Brothwell claims artificial cranial deformation shaped Kow Swamp vault, especially Kow Swamp 5. Crania differ metrically from modern Aboriginal crania. Crania also differ from gracile Pleistocene remains at Lake Mungo and Keilor. Differences suggest separate arrivals of distinct Pleistocene groups. Recent comparisons reject Thorne's dual population model.