The last common ancestor of Afro-Americans and Mbo A00 lived between 2,600 and 73,000 years ago (95% CI, maximum probability estimate = 17,000 years ago). Interestingly, the Mbo tribe lives less than 800 kilometers from the Nigerian archaeological site of Iwo Eleru, where human skeletons containing both archaic and modern features have been found, dating to about 13,000 years ago. Regarding the population of all humans, this estimated the TMRCA (last common ancestor) of human Y chromosomes at 338 thousand years ago (95% CI = 237-581 thousand years ago). Using cumulative probability and the same mutation rate, we also estimated the time of divergence between the A0 chromosomes and the human reference chromosome at 202 thousand years ago (95% CI = 125-382 thousand years ago), earlier than that obtained earlier by Cruciani et al. (142,000 years ago). This discrepancy in the age of A0 is due to the fact that the earlier study did not use mutation rates based on recently obtained whole-genome sequencing data. If we were to use a higher mutation rate (1.0 × 10-9 per rule per year) instead of the realistic range obtained from whole-genome sequencing (4.39 × 10-10 - 7.07 × 10-10), the estimated TMRCA for the tree including A00 as a baseline would be 209,000 years ago, which is only slightly older than the current TMRCA estimates of mtDNA and the age of the oldest AMH fossil remains. We note, however, that the higher mutation rate yields an estimated age of the common ancestor of all non-African Y chromosome haplogroups (C to T) of ~39 kya (i.e., compared to ~63 kya for the mutation rate used here). [from admin: the remains of cromagnon - the first fully modern human, and genetically today's European - are dated to exactly 37,000 BC. An estimate specifying that non-African lineages share a common ancestor in the area, could suggest that it was this genetically modern European, who walked the world, impregnated hominids creating other races. In that case, Europeans would be the original humans who appeared 40k years ago, and the rest of the races are their offspring with hominids evolving separately hundreds of thousands and sometimes 1.5million years. It is certain that humans mixed genes with Denisovans and Neanderthals. Other genes found in modern Indian, aboriginal, negroid populations remain to be explained. Those mentioned are probably descendants of Homo erectus / habilis / heidelbergensis - in various combinations, not all from one. I encourage you to read the content under the Cro-magnon tag on our site. His oldest skeleton immediately represents burial culture, different and more advanced tools, astronomical knowledge in the form of moon phase paintings)]. It is difficult to reconcile the younger estimate with the time of dispersal outside Africa based on analyses of autosomal DNA21 and the fossil record outside Africa.22-25 Regardless of the mutation rate used, analysis of the relative age of the nodes shows that the TMRCA of the A00-rooted tree is 67% older (95% CI = 35%-126%) than the A0-rooted tree. We then genotyped a set of six short tandem repeats of the Y chromosome (Y-STR) (DYS19, DYS388, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392 and DYS39327) and found that the A00 chromosome contained the following alleles: 16-11-19-10-12-13. After searching a large pan-African database of 5648 samples from ten countries (Cameroon, Nigeria, Ghana, Senegal, Uganda, Tanzania, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Mozambique and South Sudan), we identified 11 Y chromosomes that were invariant and identical to chromosome A00 in five of the six Y-STRs (2 of the 11 chromosomes contained DYS19-16, and the others contained DYS19-15). All of these 11 chromosomes were found in a sample of 174 (∼6.3%) Mbo individuals from western Cameroon (Figure 2). Seven of these Mbo chromosomes were available for further study, and genotypes were found to be identical at 37 of the 39 known SNPs derived from chromosome A00 (i.e., two of these genotyped SNPs were ancestral in the Mbo samples) (Table S1). Using the combined probability for the division of two lineages and the internal sublineage of one of them,20 we estimated that the last common ancestor of the African-American and Mbo A00 chromosomes lived between 2,600 and 73,000 years ago (95% CI, maximum likelihood estimate = 17,000 years ago). Interestingly, the Mbo tribe lives less than 800 km from the Nigerian archaeological site of Iwo Eleru, where human skeletons containing both archaic and modern features have been found, dating to about 13,000 years ago.