Re-examining the theory of "coming out of Africa" and the origin of the Europeoids (Caucasoids) in light of DNA genealogy. It was found that African haplogroup A (originated 132,000 ± 12,000 years ago [REDACTION NOTE: during a routine examination of a random negroid in the US, an even older branch of haplogroup A was encountered. A 2024 study showed that haplogroup A in the Cameroonian negroid population is nearly 300,000 years old! The author of this study could not have known this in 2013. Despite this inaccuracy, the rest of the content agrees so let's continue]) is very distant in time from all other haplogroups, which have a separate common ancestor, called β-haplogroup, and originated 64,000 ± 6,000 years ago. It includes the family of Europeanoid (caucasoid) haplogroups F through T, which arose 58,000 ± 5,000 years ago. The common ancestor of haplogroups A and β, named haplogroup α, emerged 160,000 ± 12,000 years ago. The territorial origins of haplogroups α and β remain unknown; however, the most likely origin of each haplogroup is a vast triangle stretching from Central Europe in the west, across the Russian Plain in the east, to the Levant in the south. Haplogroup B is descended from haplogroup β (rather than haplogroup A, from which it is very distant and separated by up to 123,000 years of "lateral" mutation evolution) and probably migrated to Africa after 46,000 BC. The discovery that European haplogroups are not derived from "African" haplogroups A or B is supported by the fact that carriers of European haplogroups, as well as all non-African haplogroups, carry neither SNPs M91, P97, M31, P82, M23, M114, P262, M32, M59, P289, P291, P102, M13, M171, M118 (haplogroup A and its SNP subclades) nor M60, M181, P90 (haplogroup B), as shown recently in FTDNA's "Walk through Y" project (reference is included there) on several hundred individuals from different haplogroups No African SNP (haplogroup A) in non-Africans A critical data point has emerged refuting the "Out of Africa" concept; specifically, recent data show that non-Africans have neither M91, P97, M31, P82, M23, M114, P262, M32, M59, P289, P291, P102, M13, M171, M118 (SNPs of haplogroup A and its subclades), nor M60, M181, P90 (SNPs of haplogroup B) in their Y chromosomes. In fact, according to data obtained from the international "Walk Through the Y" (chromosome) project conducted by Family Tree DNA (Texas and Arizona) [see Appendix], no non-African participant out of more than 400 people in the Project tested positive for any of the thirteen "African" haplogroup A subclasses for which SNPs are indicated above. If we take the R1a haplogroup carriers, for example, each has a ladder of SNPs ranging from M42 and M139 (haplogroup BT, but not haplogroup B, which, as described above, split and migrated to Africa about 46,000 years ago or earlier), through M168 and M294 (haplogroup CT), P143 (haplogroup CF), M89 and P158 (haplogroup F), L15 and L16 (haplogroup IJK), M9 (haplogroup K), М74, L138, P69, P230, P243, P244, P280, P284, P286 (haplogroup P), М207, P224, P227, P229, P232, P280, P285 (haplogroup R), P231, P241, P242, Р245, Р294 haplogroup R1), L145 and L146 (haplogroup R1) L120 and L122 (haplogroup R1a1), L168 (haplogroup R1ala). In other words, all SNPs that should have been found according to the Rla phylogeny were identified, but SNPs of all haplogroup A subclades tested were completely absent. The same pattern was observed in all other carriers of non-African haplogroups. Carriers of haplogroup A were exclusively positive for the haplogroup-specific SNP M91. However, there are four distinct SNPs that occur in both Africans and Europeans of haplogroup R1a1, taking the latter as an example. These appear to be the oldest SNPs, which are defined as haplogroup alpha (see Figure 3). illustrate this statement. The ancestral alleles of the above four SNPs should correspond to haplogroup alpha. All four are mutated in haplogroup R1a1, as shown by the WTY data. All four are still ancestral in the A1 subclade. All other haplogroup A subclades show different combinations of SNPs that do not match those in haplogroup R1a1 (see also Table 2).