Tianyuan 1 exhibits several features that place it close to or between Late Archaic humans (represented mainly by Neanderthals) and EMH. These include the ratio of anterior to posterior teeth, proximodistal enlargement of the fibula hook, popliteal and radial-ulnar widening of the distal phalanx, and elevated tibial muscularity despite linearly elongated body proportions, suggesting a high shank index. Given the scarcity of Late Archaic human remains in eastern Eurasia, it is not possible to use Tianyuan 1 to support a specific phylogenetic model for the emergence of modern humans in the region, other than the likelihood of at least significant gene flow from earlier populations of modern humans to the south and west of Tianyuan Cave. This is supported by the obtained features of modern humans previously present in the MPMH remains and the high ossification rate of the upper limbs in Tianyuan 1, suggesting a relatively recent origin among populations of more equatorial origin. At the same time, the presence of several archaic features, lost or rare in the MPMH sample, suggests that a simple spread of modern human morphology eastward from Africa is unlikely, as already confirmed by the South Asian and Australomelanesian morphology present in slightly younger remains from Fa Hein, Batadomba lena and Moh Khiew, and especially from the Niah 1 cave at the time (1, 4, 5, 9, 11). More importantly, Tianyuan 1 provides a solid basis for analyzing the morphology and paleobiology of EMH remains in eastern Eurasia, at a time close to the likely transition from regional Late Archaic humans to humans. With the inevitable addition of more, more accurately dated, late archaic humans and EMH from this region, it should become possible to understand the interregional dynamics of this period of human evolution.