Reconsidering the concept of "coming out of Africa" as insufficient evidence. The ancestors of most modern non-Africans did not come out of Africa in the last 30,000-600,000 years, at least. In other words, those who emigrated from Africa or were forcibly removed as slaves are not the ancestors of modern Europeans, Asians, Native Americans, Australians and Polynesians. This is clear from a range of data in anthropology, genetics, archaeology and DNA genealogy. DNA studies of excavated Neanderthal bones revealed the presence of the melanocortin receptor MCR1, in the same variant as in modern humans, which is responsible for the pale skin and red hair observed in modern humans (Lalueza-Fox et al., 2007), although humans did not inherit MCR1 from Neanderthals, according to the study's authors. There were no data indicating that Neanderthals were black Africans. In fact, no Neanderthals have been found in Africa. Since modern humans and Neanderthals (our cousins) shared a common ancestor, this common ancestor probably had a light complexion and light hair and did not live in Africa. This was between 300,000 and 600,000 years ago. It is still a mystery how our light-skinned ancestors, who separated about 160,000 years ago and one of their branches migrated to Africa (see Figure 1), adapted to the African climate (which, however, differed from today's climate) and acquired black skin color. The answer apparently lies in the regulation of melanin biosynthesis. However, that's another story.