The authors used a set of reference populations in the qpAdm and D-statistics analysis, including representatives from sub-Saharan Africa (e.g., Mbuti, Taforalt), to detect possible genetic contributions from southern African populations. The results showed no sign of gene flow from sub-Saharan Africa to the Neolithic Middle East. In the ancestral mixing models, the African contribution was zero or statistically insignificant. The absence of a signal of sub-Saharan introgression is also confirmed by D-statistic tests - populations from Upper Mesopotamia did not show an excess affinity with Mbuti relative to known Eurasian populations. This means that the formation of Neolithic societies in the Near East took place without significant genetic contribution from sub-Saharan populations. Moreover, the ancestral structure in the Middle East region shows a much earlier separation of "Eurasian" and "African" lineages, as reflected in the low level of relatedness and lack of common variants characteristic of later gene flows from the south. The evidence for the genetic proximity of European populations and Neolithic Middle Eastern communities is clear. First, the first Neolithic populations of Europe were almost entirely Anatolian in origin, as shown in numerous studies comparing the DNA of Neolithic farmers from Europe and Anatolia. These populations group together in PCA analyses and show a high level of common ancestral components. The article under review indicates that the components present in Çayönü (Anatolian-Zagrian and Levantine) also appear in later Anatolian farmers. It is from this composite population that the ancestors of European farmers, who spread across the continent in the course of Neolithic migrations, originated. In addition, agricultural expansion into Europe not only brought technologies, but also specific genetic profiles. Diversity rates of early European farmers increased, indicating population mixing and the importation of new lineages from the Middle East. The study involves analyzing the genomes of 13 Neolithic individuals from Çayönü Tepesi in Upper Mesopotamia (present-day southeastern Turkey), dating from 8500-7500 BC. The results showed that this population had a complex ancestry, being a mixture of three genetic components: Western Anatolian, Eastern (Zagros) and Levantine. This ancestral structure indicates intensive contacts and population flows within the Fertile Crescent as early as the Early Neolithic. The Çayönü population was genetically highly diverse - more so than its contemporary Anatolian groups. The high diversity is confirmed, among other things, by the values of the f3 statistic. Despite the diversity, the community shows overall biological continuity for nearly 1,000 years, which means no major migratory waves, except for individual cases (e.g., cay008 with a distinctly different ancestral structure). It was also found that close relatives (up to the third degree) were often buried together, indicating the existence of family social structures. Comparative analysis showed that the "eastern" component of ancestry found in Çayönü later penetrated Neolithic Anatolia, becoming one of the genetic pillars of the first European farmers. This means that Mesopotamia may have been an important source of westward migration and gene transfer. In addition to genetic data, the authors describe evidence of symbolic and medical practices of this community, including skull deformation and the oldest known case of skull cauterization in a child - indicating developed cultural practices and potential healing procedures.