The study, "Evolutionary History and Adaptation from High-Coverage Whole-Genome Sequences of Diverse African Hunter-Gatherers," provides a comprehensive analysis of the genomes of three African hunter-gatherer populations: the Pygmies of Cameroon, the Hadza and the Sandawe of Tanzania. Full genome sequencing of 15 men was performed (>60× coverage), identifying more than 13 million variants, of which more than 5 million were previously unknown. Main results: Archaic introgression: Traces of admixture with an unknown archaic African population were detected in all three populations. The time to last common ancestor (TMRCA) for these fragments ranged from 1.2-1.3 million years, similar to known Neanderthal introgressions in Europe. This means that African hunter-gatherer populations preserved genomic traces of developmental lineages that split from Homo sapiens at a time close to Neanderthals. The most archaic genes: the Pygmy, Hadza and Sandawe populations had comparable levels of archaic introgression, but common fragments indicate that introgression took place before they separated. The oldest haplotypes were found in Pygmies and Sandawe. Analysis of the phylogenetic tree suggests that the Pygmies separated earlier than the Hadza and Sandawe, making them candidates for having the most archaic genetic component. Local adaptations: Numerous genomic regions related to immunity, metabolism, senses (smell, taste), reproduction and wound healing have been identified. In Pygmies, genes related to pituitary function and growth (e.g., HESX1, POU1F1) are particularly marked, which may explain their short stature. Genetic diversity: Despite their geographic proximity, the Hadza and Sandawe are genetically highly differentiated, with the lowest values of genetic variation observed in the Hadza (bottleneck and inbreeding effects). In summary, African hunter-gatherers have retained unique, archaic genetic components - especially Pygmies - and show traces of local adaptations that have shaped their physiology, immunity and phenotypes.